Some days ago it was World Teachers’ Day, which gives us reason to
pause and express our appreciation to the job of thousands of teachers who have
made a lasting impact in our lives, and continue to influence the lives of
children daily. Evidence shows that teachers are
one of, if not the most important input of schooling for raising student
achievement. But their role goes beyond academic areas, for they are not only
educators, they are a source of encouragement and inspiration.
In honor of their day, we wanted to kick off a new
series of occasional posts focusing on who teachers are and what makes them
special. The lead-off topic for today is an exploration of how teachers spend
their non-working hours with their own kids at home, and specifically, how they
engage in educational activities with their kids.
There is a widespread belief
that parental involvement improves the outcomes of children in schools. However, probing into the
research, this relationship is not as clear cut as many believe. Some studies have shown a positive
association between parent engagement and homework completion, as well as in
verbal and writing outcomes. Yet, parental involvement in mathematics showed a
negative relationship. This result might be explained by the fact that
mathematics need greater subject matter skills and some parents may experience
frustration and anxiety in helping with their kids’ math homework.
In spite of the mixed results in the literature, we
feel it’s insightful to see how parents who are teachers differ in their time
with kids from non-parent teachers. Let’s take a look.
DATA ON TEACHERS’
TIME USE
We conduct this comparison on
teachers’ and non-teachers’ engagement in educational activities using the
American Time Use Survey (ATUS)[1], a national representative
survey aimed at measuring how people in the U.S. divide their time among life’s
activities. We use the ATUS sample for the 2003 to 2013 years, and restrict the
data to include parents who reported being employed and having at least one
child between 6 and 17 years old. Since we are interested in activities related
to education, we only include survey respondents who report on activities
occurring on weekdays of the months during the school year (September to May).
The final sample is compromised of 11,993 non-teachers and 1,000 teachers.
COMPARING TIME ON
EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES
As a starting point, let’s look at the share of
teachers and non-teachers who are engaged in four main activities with their
kids: reading, helping with their homework, playing, or talking to them during
typical non-working hours (2:00 p.m. to midnight). In Figure 1 we plot out the
share of respondents reporting any of these activities, and the figure is
constructed to accumulate time across all four of these categories. The time
use data are binned into five-minute intervals for presentation here.
Based on this figure, we observe that only a small percentage of
teachers and non-teachers spent time with their kids at any given time of the
afternoon and evening (notice the scale on the y-axis). In fact, the maximum
percentage of non-teachers who do these activities is roughly 6 percent at
any given point in time, while the maximum among teachers is about
7.5 percent. And in general, we do see teachers reporting more time spent
with their kids in these activities.
In addition, the time of day in which
most non-teachers are doing any educational or recreational activity with their
children is between 6:20 p.m. and 8:55 p.m. In the case of teachers, there are
two peak times, both of which are greater than the peak for non-teachers. The
first peak is between 3:50 p.m. and 5:10 p.m., and the second is between 7:30
p.m. and 8:30 p.m. This difference is almost certainly explained by the fact
that in general non-teachers leave work at a later time than teachers.
As a reflection of teachers knowing the importance of
parental engagement in educational activities, it is expected that more
teachers than non-teachers read and help their kids with homework. In Figure 1
we observe that this is the case. While the maximum percentage of teachers who
read with their kids is 2.5 percent and who help with homework is 4.5 percent.
These percentages for non-teachers are significantly lower, at 1.1 percent and
3 percent, respectively. The activity in which both teachers and non-teachers
are most engaged in during their non-working hours is play with their kids.
HOW MANY VERSUS HOW MUCH
Note that these differences between teachers and
non-teachers in the figure conflate both extensive (how many are reporting this
activity) and intensive (how much time is reported on this activity). When we
dug a little deeper to analyze the length of time spent in each activity, we
find a significant difference between teachers and non-teachers for helping
with homework on both of these extensive and intensive margins.
In these activities, non-teachers spent a longer
duration of time engaged with their kids. Among the 26 percent of teachers who
do homework with their kids at any time during the afternoon/evening, they
spent an average of 45 minutes engaged in this activity, while among the 19
percent of non-teachers helping kids with their homework, they spent 51 minutes
in this activity. When playing, on average, non-teachers spent 71 minutes with
their kids, while teachers spent 50 minutes. Conversely, in reading, we cannot
find a significant difference between teachers and non-teachers. Both groups,
on average, spent approximately 25 minutes with their kids.
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brown-center-chalkboard/2016/10/05/world-teachers-day-lessons-from-teachers-time-spent-with-their-own-children/?utm_campaign=Brown+Center+on+Education+Policy&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=35621142